What are CVR’s and how do you prepare a CVR?

Why do you need to do CVRs?

Cost Value Reconciliations (CVR’s) are used across the construction sector and are the industry norm.

In managing construction projects, Cost Value Reconciliations (CVRs) play a crucial role in establishing profitability, monitoring performance, and identifying potential issues. To prepare a comprehensive CVR, it’s essential to recognise value accurately and consistently throughout the project lifecycle, and include a scenario management section (Best/Worst/Most likely). Accurate value recognition and consistent reporting can influence the amount of profit and loss reported. Calculating construction costs involves input and output methods, and it’s important to consider under measure and over measure, as well as advanced payments and retention. Regular cost meetings can help monitor project progress and address potential issues early on.

Accounting Rules

Both FRS105 and FRS102 have sections covering Construction, below are the rules from FRS102

23.17 When the outcome of a construction contract can be estimated reliably, an entity shall recognise contract revenue and contract costs associated with the construction contract as revenue and expenses respectively by reference to the stage of completion of the contract activity at the end of the reporting period (often referred to as the percentage of completion method). Reliable estimation of the outcome requires reliable estimates of the stage of completion, future costs and collectability of billings.

23.22 An entity shall determine the stage of completion of a transaction or contract using the method that measures most reliably the work performed. Possible methods include: (a) the proportion that costs incurred for work performed to date bear to the estimated total costs. Costs incurred for work performed to date do not include costs relating to future activity, such as for materials or prepayments; (b) surveys of work performed; and (c) completion of a physical proportion of the contract work or the completion of a proportion of the service contract. Progress payments and advances received from customers often do not reflect the work performed.

Click to access FRS_102_The_Financial_Reporting_Standard_applicable_in_the_UK_and_Republic_of_Ireland_ns2SqGY.pdf

Horror Stories

Carillion

Not producing CVR’s correctly can cause even the largest construction companies to fail

CIOB (Chartered Institute of Building) Global Review May 2018

“Accounting tricks”: How Carillion duped the market – Global Construction Review

Carillion used a variety of techniques to hide its ailing health and its “aggressive accounting” was only exposed when it revealed an £845m financial black hole in July 2017, MPs have concluded.

The UK’s second biggest construction firm before its January 2018 collapse consistently overestimated the profitability of its projects, counted as revenue uncertain cash that clients had not signed off, and hid its mounting debt to suppliers so as to appear more financially sound than it really was.

Carillion had a turnover of £5.2bn, Balfour Beaty held the top spot at £8.2bn

Mark Smith Groundworks

Its not just big companies, small Subcontractors need to do CVR’s too

Mark Smith v HMRC [2012] TC02321

https://financeandtax.decisions.tribunals.gov.uk//Aspx/view.aspx?id=6797

Mark Smith was trading as a builder who provided ground works for construction companies. He had an in house surveyor who produced his applications for payment, the clients surveyor certified the valuation within 3 weeks and the accountant recognised the value when certified. The contracts were fixed price and lasted up to 12 months, The business started as a Sole Trader and was subsequently incorporated.

HMRC opened an enquiry in 2001/2002.

The central issue before the tribunal related to Mark Smiths computation of profits.

(1)2000/01: additional profits of £43,189 giving rise to tax of £17,275.60

(2)2001/02: additional profits of £65,205 giving rise to tax of £24,972.02

(3)2002/03: additional profits of £73,889 giving rise to tax of £27,737.86

(4)2003/04:additional profits of £70,023 giving rise to tax of £27,503.41

(5)2004/05: additional profits of £70,000 giving rise to tax of 27,704.18

(6)2005/06: additional profits of £65,240 giving rise to tax of £26,735.44

(7)2006/07: additional profits of £45,541 giving rise to tax of £18,671.81

There was also a penalty determination in respect of 2004/05 in an amount of £8,311

What are the elements of a CVR?

Cost = Expenses incurred in a construction project

Value = Value of work undertaken (Revenue that can be recognised)

Profit – Value – Cost

Monthly Reporting Cycles

Reporting date is the month end cut off date

The CVR has 3 main sections

  • Final Position
  • To Date Position
  • Period Position

Overarching principles

  • Prepared on the basis of when Value is earned and cost incurred, not based on cash received/paid
  • Prudence Concept
    • Value – not overstated
    • Costs – not understated
  • The Final Position
    • Needs to be based on the same scope of work, same program and duration
  • Consider
    • Measure (for example brick laying)
    • Variations
    • Claims such as delays
    • Ignore
      • Retentions unless the client is likely to retain it
      • Bonuses until achieved and agreed
      • Gain Share on Cost Reimbursable contracts
      • Liquidated Damages unless the client is likely to apply them

“A subcontractor liability is the cumulative assessment of the subcontract cost that is due to them under the terms of their subcontract up to the month end cut off date”

Input Method – To Date Position

Cost to Date/Total Final Cost = Completion %

20000/100000 = 20%

Total Final Value x Completion % = Value to Date

Output Method – To Date Position

This based on the internal valuation

With this method its important to correct for any under to over measure based on timing

Problem areas are milestone payments and front loaded prelims as well as advance payments and retentions

Profit Recognition

Value to Date – Cost to Date = Profit to Date

Some Construction Companies don’t recognise any profit under more than 20% of the contract has been completed because they take the view that the outcome of the project isn’t certain

In addition any future losses are recognised immediately rather than carrying them forward and distorting profitability.

Terminology

Preliminaries – The easiest way to define preliminaries in construction is as a group of items necessary for a construction company or contractor to complete a project but that won’t become a part of the finished work—site overhead, scaffolding, powering the site, etc.

Enabling Works – these costs cover activities from site preparation, creation of access routes, and the installation of facilities like security fencing, ramps, and placing of signs.

Provisional Sums – A provisional sum is an allowance included in a construction contract to cover the estimated cost of certain work. The work covered by a provisional sum is usually specified in the contract documents. Provisional sums are usually used for work that is difficult to estimate, such as earthworks or specialist services.

How do you prepare a CVR?

Accounting Records

Its likely you will start with your accounting records, you will probably have a Job Costing System that will show you

  • Applications for Payments/Authenticated Receipts/Self Billing/Certified Work
  • Subcontract payments and invoices
  • Wages
  • Materials
  • Overheads
  • Budgets/Estimates

Adjustments

The accounts will cut of at the end of a month but will need adjusting

  • Cost Accruals
  • Internal v’s External Valuations

Basically you need to consider all the points in the previous section – What are the elements of a CVR

The end result needs to meet the requirements of the accounting standards…

Reliable estimation of the outcome requires reliable estimates of the stage of completion, future costs and collectability of billings.

steve@bicknells.net

Case Study – Tax Saving £32,085

Undisclosed Property Income

Mrs H contacted us in April 2023, HMRC had contracted her about undeclared property income dating back to 2010-11. Mrs H had already been in discussion with HMRC and supplied information and HMRC had made an assessment in March 2023, the assessment added up to £54,798. HMRC request agreement and payment by 11th April 2023.

The clients daughter was already a client and felt the assessment seemed to too high and suggested Mrs H seek advice from a property tax expert and recommended us.

Mrs H had spoken to other accountants and felt little could be done.

We asked HMRC for more time to which they agreed.

woman in white shirt showing frustration
Photo by Andrea Piacquadio on Pexels.com

Detailed Analysis

We reconstructed the records for the period 2021-22 to 2010-11. This was highly detailed work looking at

  • Bank Statements
  • Letting records
  • Expenses
  • Credit Card Statements
  • Other records

This was basically a forensic exercise, we shared the information with HMRC and questions went backwards and forwards over many months.

HMRC Agreed Figures March 2024

Its take a year, but on the 11th March 2024 HMRC issued a new assessment requesting payment of £22,713 which Mrs H has accepted. Saving £32,085 on the original assessment.

This is a great example of how compiling accurate and detailed records can save you considerable amounts of tax.

It also demonstrates the need to work with an accountant who is an expert in Property Tax.

Feefo Client Review

 I’m so grateful and honoured to have been recommended the outstanding service of Bicknell. Long may it continue.

Star Rating: ★★★★★

Contact Us

If you need help book a virtual meeting and we can have chat

steve@bicknells.net

Holiday Let – anti-forestalling rule

The March 2024 Budget was bad news for Furnished Holiday Lets (FHL)/Serviced Accommodation.

Abolition of the Furnished Holiday Lettings (FHL) tax regime

As announced at Spring Budget 2024, the government will abolish the Furnished Holiday Lettings tax regime, eliminating the tax advantage for landlords who let out short-term furnished holiday properties over those who let out residential properties to longer-term tenants. This will take effect from April 2025.

Draft legislation will be published in due course and include an anti-forestalling rule. This will prevent the obtaining of a tax advantage through the use of unconditional contracts to obtain capital gains relief under the current FHL rules. This rule will apply from 6 March 2024.

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/spring-budget-2024-overview-of-tax-legislation-and-rates-ootlar/spring-budget-2024-overview-of-tax-legislation-and-rates-ootlar

The advantages likely to be affected are:

• Interest incurred on borrowings is fully deductible against taxable profits
• Beneficial capital allowances rules allowing tax relief for fixtures
• Various capital gains tax reliefs, including potential for business asset disposal relief (10% rate on sale), rollover relief and gifts hold-over relief
• Profits from FHLs can be treated as relevant earnings for pension purposes
• Income from a FHL held jointly by a married couple or civil partners is not caught by the default 50:50 split for income tax purposes

The anti-forestalling Rule

We are still awaiting the detail, but its likely that FHL’s owned by companies will not be affected by the changes. That means that company ownership would be the best option.

The anti-forestalling rule seems to prevent conditional contracts but it may still be possible to simply sell your FHL to your own company at an arms length market value, this would incur stamp duty but if the rules don’t come in to force until 2025 you might get Incorporation Tax Relief or Business Asset Disposal Relief which would save Capital Gains Tax.

As the rules are likely to be out soon its best to wait before taking action.

Time to Plan

Now is the time to consider

  • The impact of the changes on your tax
  • Whether to sell
  • Whether to sell to your own Company
  • Whether to change the use to Assured Short Term Tenancies

Working out your plan now could save you considerable tax in 2025.

steve@bicknells.net

Holiday Let Tax Grabbing UK Budget

The of end FHL tax breaks

The Furnished Holiday Lettings (FHL) tax regime will be abolished from April 2025. Draft legislation is to be published and will include anti-forestalling measures that will apply from 6 March 2024. The effect of abolishing the rules will be that short-term furnished holiday lets and longer-term residential lets are treated the same for tax purposes and individuals will no longer need to report the two income streams separately.

The advantages likely to be affected are:

• Interest incurred on borrowings is fully deductible against taxable profits
• Beneficial capital allowances rules allowing tax relief for fixtures
• Various capital gains tax reliefs, including potential for business asset disposal relief (10% rate on sale), rollover relief and gifts hold-over relief
• Profits from FHLs can be treated as relevant earnings for pension purposes
• Income from a FHL held jointly by a married couple or civil partners is not caught by the default 50:50 split for income tax purposes

Brightline Test

The OTS report outlines a suggested ‘brightline’ test to provide a clear test for when property letting activities subject to income tax would qualify as a trade. It proposes possible factors to be considered within the test are:

  • minimum number of properties let
  • letting is on a short term basis
  • no personal use of the let
  • level of personal time devoted to the property letting and services provided

Good news on CGT

Residential higher rates will be reduced on chargeable gains on residential properties, with the exception of any element that qualifies for Private Residence Relief. These rates are changed from 18% and 28% in 2023/24 to 18% and 24% in 2024/25

But its still bad news for Holiday lets as they will lose Business Asset Disposal Relief meaning CGT at 10%

Changes to SDLT

A number of changes are made to the Stamp Duty Land Tax (SDLT) regime. These include the following:

• The abolition of Multiple Dwellings Relief

• Changes to First-Time Buyer Relief to extend it to individuals buying a new residential lease via a nominee or bare trust for transactions

Click here to download our free budget report

steve@bicknells.net

Self Assessment 2023 – file by the 17th January or risk penalties

close up photo of shocked woman

According to the BBC

Fujitsu Services workers in the West Midlands are set to strike later this month in a dispute over pay, which a trade union has said is likely could cause disruption for people filing self-assessment tax returns.

About 300 members of the PCS union based in Stratford-upon-Avon and Telford are set to take part in the walk-out on 17 January.

Those joining the strike are mainly those working on behalf of HM Revenue and Customs.

The issue reported by Computer Weekly…

All of the participating employees are members of the Public and Commercial Services (PCS) Union, and are set to strike after rejecting a 3-4% pay rise from Fujitsu after learning that employees working for the company in Japan are being offered salary increases of up to 29%.

If you don’t file your self assessment return by 31st January you will get penalties.

You’ll pay a late filing penalty of £100 if your tax return is up to 3 months late. There are extra penalties after that and interest is charged on amounts due to HMRC.

But late filing also increases your chance of being investigated by HMRC, the logic is that leaving things till the last minute suggests you are disorganised and more likely to make mistakes.

Don’t miss the deadline, make sure your return is filed before the 17th January 2023.

steve@bicknells.net

Soon Churches with an income of £5000 will have to register as Charities – are you ready?

church in east halton

The Church of England states the following

Registration with the Charity Commission – Parish ResourcesParish Resources

Registration with the Charity Commission

By the end of March 2031, all PCCs in England and Wales with an annual income over £5,000 must be registered with the Charity Commission.  Between now and then, any parish that has an exceptional income of over £100,000 must register – they can no longer seek a written determination not to have to do this.   

Do I have to register?

Is the church’s income over £100,000?

If the answer is ‘yes’, even if this is a one off (eg because of a legacy), you need to register with the Charity Commission.

Is the church’s income over £5000 but under £100,000?

Assuming your income remains at this level, you don’t need to register yet, but you will have to by the end of March 2031.

Is the church’s income under £5000?

Assuming this income remains unchanged, as guidance currently stands you will not have to register.

What issues will Churches face?

1. Registration with the Charity Commission
The first critical task will be registration with the Charity Commission. This requires you to clearly demonstrate your church’s public benefit and comply with specific legal obligations, which can be daunting.

2. Understanding and Implementing Accounting Standards
Transitioning to a charity means adopting strict accounting standards as stated in the Statement of Recommended Practice (SORP). Grasping the nuances of these regulations requires a significant investment in training and adjustments to your financial practices.

3. Independent Examination or Audit
As part of the accountability process, your charity’s financials need an independent examination or formal audit, depending on your income. Finding and appointing a qualified individual who could offer such services isn’t easy, we work with several churches so understand the requirements, we are independent examiners.

4. Governance Matters
Establishing a governing body that can effectively manage the charity while adhering to the principles of the Church of England is a test of balance and diligence.

5. Selecting and Training Trustees
Your trustees will carry considerable responsibility, hence the selection process is critical. Training them to meet the Charity Commission’s requirements is equally important to ensure they understand their legal obligations.

6. Compliance with Charity Law
Understanding and complying with charity law is a significant challenge, as there are distinct legal statutes that govern charitable entities, which often require specialist legal advice.

7. Creating a Reserves Policy
Developing a reserves policy is not merely a financial imperative but also a strategic one. This involves careful deliberation to ensure your church’s financial sustainability while being able to support ongoing and future projects.

8. Risk Management
Risk management is critical. Identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks related to financial, operational, and reputational aspects are areas to develop policies for.

9. Reporting and Transparency
Maintaining a high level of transparency through timely and accurate reports is essential for your credibility as a charity. Using modern software like Xero will be a must.

10. Data Protection and Privacy
Complying with data protection laws is another area where strict adherence was mandatory. As a charity, your handling of personal data has to meet the standards of GDPR and similar regulations.

If your Church needs help to prepare for Charity Registration or you need an Independent Examiner, please get in touch.

steve@bicknells.net

Can directors and employees receive gifts from the company tax free?

Giving gifts to your employees can be a great way to increase engagement and raise the overall morale of your team. But how much can you give before there are tax implications? And how do the rules differ if you’re giving gifts to your directors?

The good news is that you can give gifts that don’t exceed £50 in value to your employees without any tax or National Insurance (NI) charges arising – as long as you follow HMRC’s rules. The cost of this is also tax-deductible by the company.

Making use of the Trivial Benefits scheme

As part of HM Revenue & Customs’ (HMRC’s) Trivial Benefits scheme, you can give gifts to your employees to mark birthdays, weddings or just ‘because’, all without attracting any tax charges. Owners can also benefit from the same Trivial Benefits scheme.

  • Trivial benefits can be provided to employees without any adverse tax or NI implications, and with no need to report them on a P11D form – the HMRC form used to report any ‘benefits in kind’ that you’ve provided to an employee.
  • To qualify, gifts can’t be a reward for services, can’t be cash or a cash voucher, can’t be contractual, and the cost mustn’t exceed £50 per gift.
  • For directors of close companies, the total can’t exceed £300 in any year. Although not limited for other employees, if it was a regular gift then it’s likely to be treated as a reward for services – which would then have tax implications.
  • If over the course of a year, a director awarded themselves 6 x £50 gift cards (maxing out the £300 cap) as a higher-rate taxpayer they could save around £126 in tax and NI compared with a £300 salary. The company would also save about £41 in NI.
  • Gift cards are fine as long as they aren’t pre-loaded debit cards that can be used to withdraw cash – remember you can’t give cash as a gift.

Let’s look at an example of these rules in practice:

If an employee is given a bottle of wine for hitting a sales target, that would be taxable. If they were given the wine because it’s their birthday, as long as it was below £50 it would be within the exemption. It could also be given just because you’re in a good mood and feeling generous – it just can’t be anything related to company or individual performance.

Talk to us about meeting the rules around employee gifts

It’s important that you stick to HMRC’s rules around employee gifts and don’t end up unintentionally creating a negative tax impact for people on your team, or for the business.

As your adviser, we’ll help you draw up clear, well-explained internal guidance to make sure any gifts don’t unintentionally fall outside of the rules.

Does your business have a CSR strategy?

woman with dreadlocks and man in yellow t shirt sorting clothes standing next to each other

Having a ‘corporate social responsibility (CSR)’ strategy was something that used to be the sole preserve of giant corporations.

But with the social and environmental impacts of business evermore transparent, it’s good practice for every business – both large and small – to have a CSR policy that reflects your core values and goals as an organisation.

1. What is a corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategy?

CSR is a form of self regulation. Your CSR strategy measures the impact your business has on the local community and environment, and will help you focus your efforts on providing charitable support, community interactions and other ways of improving your positive impact.

2. How do you improve your social and environmental impact as a business?

Your CSR strategy helps you proactively improve your company’s social and environmental impacts – so you carry out positive work and make your business into a good global citizen.

This could mean cutting your emissions and carbon footprint as a business. It could mean hiring more local people to boost the economy. Or it could mean working with nearby charities, not-for-profit organisations or social enterprises to support good work in your community.

3. Why should your CSR strategy mirror your organisation’s core values?

As a business, you almost certainly have a set of core values that define how you do business. Your CSR strategy should reflect those core values. This helps you demonstrate the ways that your values, beliefs and long-term goals are ingrained in your long-term business plan.

For example, if ‘thinking greener’ is one of your core values, you need evidence that your CSR strategy is focused on making your operations more sustainable. If ‘community minded’ is a core value, you must be able to show how you’re reaching out to your local community to offer charitable help, funding and support etc.

4. How do you measure your CSR performance?

The key to measuring your CSR performance is to set clear targets for each area of your CSR strategy. By setting clear goals and timelines, you can track the business against these aims and measure your performance over time.

Including your CSR aims and performance in your annual report is a great way to hold yourself to account, while also being transparent and public about your performance.

5. What’s the best way to promote your CSR strategy?

Talking about your CSR goals and performance is an important part of being transparent about the good work you’re doing. But be careful about your wording and resist the temptation to make this a case of self-promotion.

If you run an event with a local charity, blog about it, or post a video from the day, and make sure you give the charity plenty of space to talk. If you’re doing work to help cut your use of single-use plastics, include a short update in your next newsletter, or ask staff for their ideas on how to meet this goal more effectively.

Start thinking about your corporate social responsibility strategy

Having a transparent CSR strategy should be an important goal for any business. Consumers and business clients want to know what their favourite companies are doing to improve the company’s impacts on the outside world.

Plain English guide to VAT for businesses

Getting to grips with the basics of accounting, financial management and business strategy can be a challenge. To make things easier, we’re starting a new Plain English guide to business.

This time, we’ll be looking at Value-Added Tax, or VAT as it’s generally known.

What is Value-Added Tax (VAT)?

Value-added tax (VAT) is a consumption tax. VAT is imposed on the value added at each stage of the production and distribution of many goods and services. Registered businesses charge VAT on their sales and can reclaim VAT paid on their purchases.

The standard VAT rate in the UK is currently 20%, with different reduced rates for certain goods and services that fall outside the standard rate.

How does VAT affect your business?

You can choose to register for VAT at any point. But registration does become mandatory once you hit the relevant threshold (see below). As a VAT-registered business, you’ll add a few tasks to your to-do list but will also benefit from claiming back any VAT expenses.

Here are your main VAT responsibilities:

  • Become VAT-registered – it’s mandatory to register for VAT once your company’s taxable turnover exceeds the rolling 12-months threshold (currently £85,000 per year)
  • File your VAT return – your business must file a VAT return (normally quarterly) that shows all VAT you’ve collected from customers, and all VAT expenses you’ve incurred.
  • Pay the collected VAT to HMRC – also every quarter, you’ll pay the VAT funds you’ve collected from your customers to HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) less any reclaimable VAT you’ve paid to your suppliers.
  • Claim back VAT expenses – If there’s a refund – where the reclaimable VAT on your outgoings exceeds the VAT on your sales – you can claim that back from HMRC. This can be a helpful boost to your cashflow).

How can our firm help you with VAT?

Becoming a VAT-registered business brings a certain amount of professional kudos to your company – and it needn’t add too much to your financial workload.

As your adviser, we’ll let you know when you’re close to hitting the registration threshold and will be there to help you get VAT-registered. We’ll also make sure your VAT processes are as simple and streamlined as possible, and that you maximise your VAT expense claims. We can also help you decide whether one of the special VAT schemes might benefit you.

If you’d like to know more about registering for and managing VAT, we’ll be happy to explain.

How humour can increase your bottom line

You want to be taken seriously as a business, right? But did you know that many customers and consumers actually want you to give them a laugh as well? 91% of people globally prefer brands to be funny, but 95% of business leaders fear using humour in consumer interactions.

So, how do you overcome the worry about using humour in your sales and marketing? And what are the benefits of a brand that uses humour in an effective way?

5 ways that humour improves your customer experience

Being funny in a business context might sound counterintuitive. But all the evidence points to customers wanting humorous, engaging ways for you to interact with them. Humour puts people at ease in a sales environment, and a good joke or funny meme in your marketing has the potential to win prospects over and make your customers enjoy your brand.

Using humour with your customers:

  1. Enhances customer engagement – humour in your sales and marketing really helps you connect with your audience. Funny interactions and campaigns increase your customers’ attention span and encourage them to participate, comment and engage.
  2. Builds emotional connection – when you incorporate humour, this creates positive associations for your customers. They’ll see your brand as more relatable and likeable, all of which leads to stronger connections and customer relationships.
  3. Differentiates your brand – smart and subtle use of humour sets your business apart from the the stuffy and staid competitors in your market. Being able to raise a laugh makes your brand more memorable and attractive in a crowded market.
  4. Increases message retention – humorous content can help to leave a lasting impact with consumers. This aids information recall and ensures your key messages, campaign taglines and promotional copy stay top of mind with your audience.
  5. Boosts brand perception – a well-executed, humorous approach creates a positive brand image, showcasing your company’s personality and approachability. As a ‘funny brand’, customers will feel good engaging with you and spending their money.

Talk to us about adding humour to your customer strategy

We’re accountants, so obviously we don’t have a sense of humour (we’re kidding, we like a joke as much as the next business person). But we can give you advice on how greater customer engagement and stronger relationships both lead to higher sales – and that’s great news for your targets and overall revenue.

For more on the use of humour in our workplaces and marketing, watch this short TED talk from Tom Fishburne from Marketoonist, explaining the power of humour.

steve@bicknells.net